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| Among the observatories built by Raja Jai Singh,The
observatory of Ujjain has great importance in the period of ancient
practical Astronomy.The Ujjain city was on the Tropic of Cancer.While the
position of Kashi, Delhi, Jailpur and Mathura cities was towards the
north from Tropic of cancer and still they are in the same direction .
On the other hand the position of ujjain has been changed due to slow
diminution every year in the maximum obliquity of the Ecliptic, resulting
that the sun goes towards the north from the zenith of the Ujjain.
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Shanku Yantra |
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At the center of the
circular platform a vertical gnomon(shanku) is fixed.The platform is in
horizontal plan.Seven lines are drawn on it with the help of shadow of the
gnomon.The 22nd December represents the shortest day of the year,on 21st
March and 23rd September the days and nights are equal and 22nd June
represents the longest day of the year.These lines represents the zodiac
signs with the help of the shadow of the gnomon the angle of Elevation and
Zenith distance of the sun can be determined .On equinoctial days the mid
day shadow of the gnomon represents the latitude of the Ujjain. |
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Nadi Valay Yantra |
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This instrument in built up in the
plane of the celestial equator. It has to parts northern and southern. when
the sun is in the northern hemisphere for six months,the northern disc is
illuminated.When the sun in the southern hemisphere during the next
remaining six months, the southern disc is illuminated.
A peg parallel to the axis of the earth is fixed at the center of
the disc. The shadow of the pag gives the apparent time of Ujjain. This
instrument is used to decide whether a celestial body is in the northern or
southern hemisphere, keeping the edge at any suitable point on one of the
disc. Observe the celestial body the object is then in the northern or
southern hemisphere according as it is visible from northern or southern
disc. |
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| Sun
Dial |
The Upper planes of the two walls
on the sides of the steps in the middle of this instrument are parallel to
the axis of the earth. Hence the pole star is visible at night in the
direction of these planes to the east and the west of the wall. These are
two quadrants which are in the plane of the celestial equator Hours, minutes
and fractions of a minute are engraved on these quadrants.
When the sun shines in the sky the point on which the shadow of the
edge of the wall falls, give directly the apparent local time of Ujjain. The
correction in minutes engraved on the stone slab to the east and west side
of the instrument when added to this time apparent time will give the Indian
Standard Time.
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Samrat Yantra |
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This instrument is mainly used to
find out the declinational and celestial of it.Its distance form the
celestial equator toward north to south.First find out the particular point
on the edge of the quadrant from where the center of the celestial body
could be observed to coincide with the edge of the wall .The reading at this
point of the wall sides declination. |
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This instrument is used to fixed
out the Altitude(Distance from the horizon) and the Azimuth (Angular
distance from the East or West point measured along the horizon) of any
celestial body. For this purpose a sextant type device called. Turiya yantra
is fitted on the pole. Which is at the center of the circular platform.
Arrange the position of the Turiya Yantra in such a way that the two holes
of the Turiya Yantra are in line joining the celestial body, so that it may
be visible through both of holes. The points of the Turiya Yantra moving
along the round graduated disc which is on the top of the pole gives the
Azimuth. The suspended thread of the Turiya Yantra gives the Altitude on the
graduated scale of the quadrant. |
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This is instrument is built in the
plane of the meridian circle ( the circle joining South, North and Zenith
point). It is used for observing the Zenith distance of any celestial body
(corresponding to its midday).
There are two pegs at the top of the instrument fixed with string in the
center of graduated quadrants. When the object is in the South of prime
vertical (the circle joining East, West and Zenith points) The southern peg
is to used, otherwise the northern peg.
At the time of the transit of the celestial body the observer has to keep
his eye on the string and move it forwarded or backward to determine the
particular position of the string at which the center of heavenly body could
be seen. Through the point of the intersection of peg and wall. the reading
of quadrant at this position of the string gives the zenith distance.
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